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Heatwork Chart: Transformation of Ceramic Materials by Heat
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Kiln Color
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Cone
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°F
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°C
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Description
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white
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14
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2552°
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1400°
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Porcelain: cone 10-13
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yellow
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10
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2380°
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1300°
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High-fire/Stoneware: cone 8-10, average=cone10
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6
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2192°
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1200°
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Mid-range glaze: cone 2-7
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04
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1950°
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1100°
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Low-fire/Earthenware:
cone 015-1, average=cone 04
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yellow- orange
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1000°
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010
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1650°
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900°
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Clay particles beginning to vitrify; the lowest BISQUE temperature (cone 010-04)
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1450°
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800°
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Vitrification begins, carbonaceous material is burned off.
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red
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018
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1292°
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700°
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RED HEAT
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dull red
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600°
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1060°
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500°
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573° C, quartz inversion in both heating and cooling stages.
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400°
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From 480-700° C, chemical water
(water smoking) occurs.
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300°
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From 300-800° C, carbonaceous material burns off.
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.
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439°
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200°
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220° C, cristobalite expansion (heating), squeeze (cooling)
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dark
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212°
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100°
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Water converts to steam (expands).
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